امثله لقواعد اللغة الانجليزيه

ﺷﺮﺡ ﻟﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﻨﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻰ
ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﻛﻞ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺈﺫﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ , ﻭﻗﺒﻞ
ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻭﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻧﻮﻩ ﺑﺒﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻣﻨﻘﻮﻝ
ﻟﻸﻣﺎﻧﺔ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ .
ﻧﺒﺪﺃ :
ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺘﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻻﺯﻣﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ
ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ
Simple Present
Present Continuous
Simple Past
Past Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perf. Cont.
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Cont.
Simple Future
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Cont.
Used to
Would Always
Future in Past
..............................
.......... .......... ..............................
.......... .......... ..............................
.......... .......... .
Simple Present
ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺯﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ s ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ
ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻔﺮﺩ ﻏﺎﺋﺐ ) he , she ,it)
FORM Simple Present
EXAMPLE: to run
I run
you run
he runs
she runs
it runs
we run
they run
ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺗﻪ
USE 1 Repeated Actions
ﺍﻻﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺮﺭﻩ
ﻳﺴﻨﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻓﻌﻞ
ﻳﺘﻜﺮﺭﻋﺎﺩﻩ . ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﻭ
ﻫﻮﺍﻳﻪ ﺍﻭ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻳﺘﻜﺮﺭ ﻛﻞ ﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻭ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺆﻛﺪ
ﺣﺪﻭﺛﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺷﻰﺀ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ .
ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻌﺒﺮ ﺍﻳﻀﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺷﻰﺀ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ
ﻳﻨﺴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﺍﻭ ﻻ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻪ
Use the Simple Present to express
the idea that an action is repeated or
usual. The action can be a habit, a
hobby, a daily event, a scheduled
event or something that often
happens. It can also be something a
person often forgets or usually does
.not do
:EXAMPLES
ﻻﺣﻆ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ s ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻔﺮﺩ
ﻏﺎﺋﺐ
. I play tennis
.She does not play tennis
.The train leaves every morning at 8
am
.The train does not leave at 9am
.She always forgets her purse
.He never forgets his wallet
.Every twelve months, the Earth
circles the sun
.The sun does not circle the Earth
USE 2 Facts or Generalizations
ﺣﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕ
ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ
ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺍﻻﻣﺮ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻭ
ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻻﻥ ﻭ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ . ﻭﻻ ﻳﻬﻢ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻛﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺙ
ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎ ﺍﻡ ﻻ .
ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻳﻀﺎﻻﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ
ﺃﻭﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ .
The Simple Present can also indicate
the speaker believes that a fact was
true before, is true now, and will be
true in the future. It is not important
if the speaker is correct about the
fact. It is also used to make
generalizations about people
.or things
:EXAMPLES
.Cats like milk
.Birds do not like milk
.The sun rises from the east
.California is in America
.California isnot in the United
Kingdom
.Windows are made of glass
.Windows are not made of wood
.New York is a small city
(.It is not important that this fact is
untrue)
(USE 3 Now (Non-Continuous Verbs
ﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ
ﺣﺪﺙ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﻭ ﻻ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﻻﻥ .
ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺑﻪ ﺏ Non-
continuous ,Mixed Verbs
Sometimes speakers use the Simple
Present to express the idea that an
action is happening or is not
happening now. This can only be
done with Non-continuous Verbs and
certain Mixed Verbs.
:EXAMPLES
.I am here now
.She is not here now
.He needs help right now
.He does not need help now
.He has a car
ACTIVE / PASSIVE Simple Present
:EXAMPLES
Once a week, Tom cleans the car.
ACTIVE
Once a week, the car is cleaned by
Tom. PASSIVE
Present Continuous
FORM Present Continuous
ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺯﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮﻣﻦ ﻓﻌﻞ
ﻳﻜﻮﻥ TO BE ﺛﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﻓﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﻪ ING
[AM / IS / ARE] + [VERB+ing]
EXAMPLES:
.I am watching TV
He is quickly learning the language .
ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ : ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﺎﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻳﺎﺗﻲ
ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻑ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺀ ﺍﻻﻭﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ
NOTE: When you are using a verb
tense with more than one part such
as Present Continuous (is learning),
adverbs often come between the first
part and the second part (is quickly
learning ( .
ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺗﻪ
USE 1 Now
ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺯﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ
ﻓﻌﻞ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﻻﻥ ﺍﻭ ﻻ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﻻﻥ
Use the Present Continuous with
Continuous Verbs to express the idea
that something is happening now, at
this very moment. It can also be
used to show that something is not
happening now.
EXAMPLES:
.You are learning English now
.You are not swimming now
.I am sitting
.I am not standing
.They are reading their books
.They are not watching television
؟ What are you doing
؟ Why aren't you doing your
homework
USE 2 Longer Actions in Progress
Now
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻪ ﺍﻻﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﻪ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﺍﻻﻥ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ
ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ
ﺍﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﻭ ﻫﻜﺬﺍ . ﺍﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ
ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻟﻨﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻧﻨﺎ ﻋﻤﻞ
ﻣﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻳﺴﻴﺮ ﻗﺪﻣﺎ . ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻧﻨﺎ ﻻ
ﻧﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻟﺤﻈﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ
In English, now can mean "this
second," "today," "this month," "this
year," "this century" and so on.
Sometimes we use the Present
Continuous to say that we are in the
process of doing a longer action
which is in progress; however, we
might not be doing it at this exact
second.
EXAMPLES: (All of these
(.sentences can be said while eating
dinner in a restaurant
.I am studying to become a doctor
.I am not studying to become a
dentist
.I am reading the book Tom Sawyer
.I am not reading any books right
now
؟ Are you working on any special
projects at work
؟ Aren't you teaching at the University
now
USE 3 Near Future
ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ
ﺷﻰﺀ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﻭ ﻻ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ
Sometimes, speakers use the Present
Continuous to indicate that
something will or will not happen in
the near future
EXAMPLES
I am meeting some friends after work
I am not going to the party tonight
Is he visiting his parents next
weekend
Isn't he coming with us tonight
"USE 4 Repetition and Irritation with
"Always
ﻗﺪ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺑﺎ ﺑﻜﻠﻤﻪ
ﻣﺜﻞ always ﺍﻭ constantly ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻲ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ
ﻟﻴﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺻﺪﻣﻪ ﺍﻭ ﻣﻔﺎﺟﺄﻩ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺤﺪﺙ
ﻭ ﻫﻮ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻪ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ
ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻋﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﻪ . ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻭ ﺿﻊ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ
always ﺑﻴﻦ verb to BE ﻭ verb+ing
The Present Continuous with words
such as "always" or "constantly"
expresses the idea that something
irritating or shocking often happens.
Notice that the meaning is like
Simple Present but with negative
emotion. Remember to put the words
"always" or "constantly" between
"be" and "verb+ing."
:EXAMPLES
She is always coming to class late
He is constantly talking. I wish he
would shut up
I don't like them because they are
always complaining
ACTIVE / PASSIVE Present
Continuous
:EXAMPLES
Right now, Tom is writing the letter.
ACTIVE
Right now, the letter is being written
by Tom. PASSIVE
Simple Past
FORM Simple Past
ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺯﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ
ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﻟﻪ ed
( verb+ed)
:EXAMPLES
I visited my friends
I often visited my friends
ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺗﻪ
USE 1 Completed Action in the Past
ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺯﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ
ﺣﺪﺙ ﺑﺪﺃ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻣﺤﺪﺩ
ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ .
Use the Simple Past to express the
idea that an action started and
finished at a specific time in the
past. Sometimes the speaker may
not actually mention the specific
time, but they do have one specific
time in mind
:EXAMPLES
I saw a movie yesterday
I didn't see a movie yesterday
Last year, I traveled to Japan
Last year, I didn't travel to Japan
She washed her car
She didn't wash her car
USE 2 A Series of Completed Actions
ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺯﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﻟﺴﺮﺩ
ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ
We use the Simple Past to list a
series of completed actions
.....in the past. These actions happen
1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th
EXAMPLES
I finished work, walked to the beach,
and found a nice place to swim
He arrived from the airport at 8:00,
checked into the hotel at 9:00, and
met the others at 10:00
USE 3 Single Duration
ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﻟﻤﺪﻩ
ﺯﻣﻨﻴﻪ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ . ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻩ
ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﻪ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺑﻪ
ﺑﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ for two years ﺍﻭ
for five minutes ﺍﻭ all day
ﺍﻭ all year
The Simple Past can be used with a
duration which starts and stops in
the past. A duration is a long action
often used with expressions like "for
two years," "for five minutes," "all
day" or "all year."
:EXAMPLES
I lived in Brazil for two years
Shauna studied Japanese for five
years
They sat at the beach all day
We talked on the phone for thirty
minutes
؟ How long did you wait for them
We waited for one hour
USE 4 Habit in the Past
ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺎﺩﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ
ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﺍﻳﻀﺎ
ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺎﺩﻩ ﺗﻮﻗﻔﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ .
The Simple Past can also be used to
describe a habit which stopped in
the past.
EXAMPLES
I studied French when I was a child
He played the violin
She worked at the movie theater after
school
They never went to school, they
always skipped
ACTIVE / PASSIVE Simple Past
:EXAMPLES
Tom repaired the car. ACTIVE
The car was repaired by Tom.
PASSIVE
Past Continuous
ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺯﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻣﻦ WAS /
WERE ﺛﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﻓﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﻪ ing
[WAS / WERE] + [VERB+ing]
:EXAMPLES
I was studying when she called
I was carefully picking up the snake
when it bit me
NOTE: When you are using a verb
tense with more than one part such
as Past Continuous (was picking),
adverbs often come between the first
part and the second part (was
carefully picking (
ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ
USE 1 Interrupted Action in the Past
ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺑﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺗﻤﺖ
ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻌﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ . ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻃﻌﻪ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ
ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ
Use the Past Continuous to indicate
that a longer action in the past was
interrupted. The interruption is
usually an action in the Simple Past.
Remember this can be a real
interruption or just an interruption in
time
EXAMPLES
I was watching TV when she called
When the phone rang, she was
writing a letter
While we were having a picnic, it
started to rain
Sally was working when Joe had the
car accident
While John was sleeping last night,
someone stole his car.
USE 2 Specific Time as an
Interruption
ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻛﻤﻘﺎﻃﻌﻪ ﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺣﺪﺙ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ
In USE 1, described above, the Past
Continuous is interrupted by an
action in the Simple Past. However,
you can also use a specific time as
an interruption
EXAMPLES
Last night at 6 p.m., I was eating
dinner.
At midnight, we were still driving
through the desert.
IMPORTANT
Last night at 6 p.m., I ate dinner .
ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﺍﻻﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﻪ
Last night at 6 p.m., I was eating
.dinner
ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺣﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﻪ ﻛﻨﺖ ﺁﻛﻞ
ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ
USE 3 Parallel Actions
ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﻛﺜﺮ
ﻣﻦ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ
ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ .
When you use the Past Continuous
with two actions in the same
sentence, it expresses the idea that
both actions were happening at the
same time. The actions are parallel.
:EXAMPLES
I was studying while he was making
dinner
While Ellen was reading, Tim was
watchin

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:EXAMPLES
I was studying while he was making
dinner
While Ellen was reading, Tim was
watching television
They were eating dinner, discussing
their plans and having a good time
USE 4 Atmosphere
ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺥ
ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻓﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ
In English we often use a series of
Parallel Actions to describe
atmosphere in the past
:EXAMPLE
When I walked into the office, several
people were busily typing, some were
talking on the phones, the boss was
yelling directions, and customers
were waiting to be helped. One
customer was yelling at a secretary
and waving his hands. Others were
complaining to each other about the
bad
.service
"USE 5 Repetition and Irritation with
"Always
ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻳﻀﺎ ﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺛﺎﺭﻩ
ﻻﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ
EXAMPLES:
She was always coming to class late
He was constantly talking. He
annoyed everyone
I didn't like them because they were
always complaining
ACTIVE / PASSIVE Past Continuous
:EXAMPLES
The salesman was helping the
customer when the thief came into
the store. ACTIVE
The customer was being helped by
the salesman when the thief came
into the store. PASSIVE
Present Perfect
ﻳﺘﻜﻜﻮﻥ ﺯﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ HAS /
HAVE ﺛﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ
] HAS / HAVE] + [past participle]
:EXAMPLES
I have seen that movie many times
I have never seen that movie
ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ
USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now
ﻳﻌﺒﺮ ﺯﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺑﺪﺃ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﺪﺩ . ﻭ
ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻭ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ
ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﻪ ﻣﺜﻞ yesterday
ﺍﻭ one year ago ﺍﻭ when I was a chlid
ﺍﻟﺦ .
We use the Present Perfect to say
that an action happened at an
unspecified time before now. The
exact time is not important. You
CANNOT use the Present Perfect with
time expressions such as
"yesterday," "one year ago," "last
week," "when I was a chlid," "when I
lived in Japan," "at that moment,"
"that day" or "one day." We CAN use
the Present Perfect with expressions
like "ever," "never," "once," "many
times," "several times," "before," "so
far," "already" and "yet."
:EXAMPLES
I have seen that movie twenty times
I think I have met him once before
There have been many earthquakes
in California
؟ Has there ever been a war in the
United States
Yes, there has been a war in the
United States
People have traveled to the moon
(USE 2 Duration From Past Until Now
(Non-continuous Verbs
ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺪﺃ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﻭ
ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻻﻥ
With Non-continuous Verbs and
some non-continuous uses of Mixed
Verbs, we use the Present Perfect to
show that something started in the
past and has continued up until now.
"For five minutes," "for two weeks"
and "since Tuesday" are all durations
which can be used with the Present
Perfect.
:EXAMPLES
I have had a cold for two weeks
She has been in England for six
months
Mary has loved chocolate since she
was a little girl
ACTIVE / PASSIVE Present Perfect
:EXAMPLES
Many tourists have visited that
castle. ACTIVE
That castle has been visited by many
tourists. PASSIVE
Present Perfect Continuous
ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺯﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻣﻦ
] HAS / HAVE] + [BEEN] + [VERB+ing]
:EXAMPLES
I have been waiting here for two
hours
She has only been studying English
for two years
ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺗﻪ
USE 1 Duration from the Past Until
Now
ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺯﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ
ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺪﺙ ﺑﺪﺃ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮ
ﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻻﻥ
We use the Present Perfect
Continuous to show that something
started in the past and has continued
up until now. "For five minutes", "for
two weeks", and "since Tuesday" are
all durations which can be used with
the Present Perfect
Continuous
EXAMPLES
They have been talking for the last
hour
She has been working at that
company for three years
James has been teaching at the
University since June
USE 2 Recently, Lately
ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺯﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ
ﺑﺪﻭﻧﻔﺘﺮﻩ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﻪ ﺍﻻﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﺷﻤﻞ ﻭ
ﺍﻋﻢ .
ﻭ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﺎﻣﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮﺍﺕ
ﻣﺜﻞ lately ) ﻣﺆﺧﺮﺍ (
You can use the Present Perfect
Continuous WITHOUT a duration such
as "for five minutes", "for two
weeks", and "since Tuesday". Without
the durations, the this tense gives a
more general meaning of "lately". We
often use the words "lately" or
"recently" in the sentence to
strengthen this meaning
:EXAMPLES
Recently, I have been feeling really
tired
She has been watching too much
television lately
Mary has been feeling a little
depressed
ACTIVE / PASSIVE Present Perfect
Continuous
:EXAMPLES
Recently, John has been doing the
work. ACTIVE
Recently, the work has been being
done by John. PASSIVE
ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﻪ : ﺯﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺍ
ﻣﺎ ﻳﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﺼﻴﻐﻪ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ
NOTE: Present Perfect Continuous is
rarely used in its passive form.
Past Perfect
ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺯﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ] HAD] +
[PAST PARTICIPLE]
.............................. ... ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ
ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ
Examples:
I had studied a little English when I
came to the U.S
They had never met an American until
they met John
ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺗﻪ
USE 1 Completed Action Before
Something in Past
ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺯﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ
ﺣﺪﺙ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺣﺪﺙ ﺁﺧﺮ .
ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻌﺒﺮ ﺍﻳﻀﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺣﺪﺙ ﻗﺒﻞ
ﻭﻗﺖ ﻣﺤﺪﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ
The Past Perfect expresses the idea
that something occurred before
another action in the past. It can also
show that something happened
before a specific time in the past.
EXAMPLES
I had never seen such a beautiful
beach before I went to Kauai
؟ Had you ever visited the U.S. before
your trip in 1992
Yes, I had been to the U.S. once
before in 1988
(USE 2 Duration Before Something in
the Past (Non-continuous Verbs
ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺑﺪﺃ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ
ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻥ ﺣﺪﺙ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺁﺧﺮ
With Non-progressive Verbs and
some non-progressive uses of Mixed
Verbs, we use the Past Perfect to
show that something started in the
past and continued up until another
action in the past
EXAMPLES
We had had that car for ten years
before it broke down
By the time Alex finished his studies,
he had been in London for over eight
years
IMPORTANT Specific Times with the
Past Perfect
ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻓﺘﺮﻩ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﻪ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﻩ ﻣﻊ
ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ
ﻋﻜﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ ، ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ
ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻊ
ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ . ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻤﻜﻨﺎ ، ﻓﺈﻧﻪ
ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺎ
Unlike the Present Perfect, it is
possible to use specific time words
or phrases with the Past Perfect.
Although this is possible, it is usually
not necessary
She had visited her Japanese
relatives once in 1993 before she
moved in with them in 1996
ACTIVE / PASSIVE FORMS Past
Perfect
George had repaired many cars
before he received his mechanics
license. ACTIVE
Many cars had been repaired by
George before he received his
mechanics license. PASSIVE
Past Perfect Continuous
ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺯﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻣﻦ
] HAD BEEN] + [VERB+ing]
EXAMPLES
I had been waiting there for two
hours before she finally arrived
She had only been studying English
for two years before she
got the job
ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺗﻪ
USE 1 Duration Before Something in
the Past
ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺯﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ
ﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﻓﺘﺮﻩ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﻪ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ
ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺕ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ .
We use the Past Perfect Continuous
to show that something started in the
past and continued up until another
time in the past. "For five minutes"
and "for two weeks" are both
durations which can be used with the
Past Perfect Continuous. Notice that
this is related to the Present Perfect
Continuous; however, the duration
does not continue until now
EXAMPLES
They had been talking for over an
hour before Tony arrived
She had been working at that
company for three years when it went
out of business
James had been teaching at the
University for more than a year before
he left for Asia
USE 2 Cause of Something in the
Past
ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻋﻤﻞ
ﺁﺧﺮﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﻫﻮ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﻻﻇﻬﺎﺭ
ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ
Using the Past Perfect Continuous
before another action in the past is a
good way to show cause and effect
EXAMPLES
Jason was tired because he had
been jogging
Sam gained weight because he had
been overeating
ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﻪ ﻣﻬﻤﻪ
ﺍﺫﺍ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻓﺘﺮﻩ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﻪ for"
five minutes ", ﺍﻭ " for two weeks "
ﺍﻭ " since Friday " ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺘﺤﺪﺛﻲ
ﺍﻻﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﻪ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ
ﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻲ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ
ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﻪ ﺍﻻﻣﺜﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﻪ
IMPORTANT
If you do not include a duration such
as "for five minutes," "for two weeks"
or "since Friday", many English
speakers choose to use the Past
Continuous. There is also a
difference in meaning. Compare the
examples below
I was reading when my roommate
returned
Emphasizes the interruption of
"reading
ﻳﺆﻛﺪ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ " ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺓ ."
I had been reading for an hour when
my roommate returned
Emphasizes the amount of time "for
an hour
ﻳﺆﻛﺪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ " ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ."
ACTIVE / PASSIVE FORMS Past
Perfect Continuous
EXAMPLES
Chef Jones had been preparing the
restaurant's fantastic dinners for two
years, before he moved to Paris.
ACTIVE
The restaurant's fantastic dinners
had been being prepared by Chef
Jones for two years before he moved
to Paris. PASSIVE